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How Cryptographic Hashing Works: A Deep Technical Guide
A deep, developer-focused guide to how cryptographic hash functions work — properties, Merkle–Damgård vs sponge constructions, the birthday bound, and where each family fits.
hashingcryptographyguide
MD5 vs SHA-256 vs SHA-3: Which Hash Should You Use?
MD5 vs SHA-256 vs SHA-3 compared — output size, internal construction, speed, security status, and a clear decision guide for integrity, security, and password use cases.
hashingcomparisoncryptography
MD5 Explained: How It Works and Why It's Broken
How the MD5 hash algorithm works internally — Merkle–Damgård, the 64-step compression function, padding — and why MD5 is cryptographically broken yet still used for checksums.
hashingmd5cryptography
SHA-1 Explained: The Algorithm and SHAttered Break
How SHA-1 works internally — 80 rounds, message expansion, Merkle–Damgård — and how the 2017 SHAttered collision finally broke it. Why SHA-1 is deprecated.
hashingsha-1cryptography
HMAC Explained: How Keyed Hashing Authenticates Messages
How HMAC works — the inner/outer hash construction, ipad/opad, key handling — why hash(key‖message) is insecure, and where HMAC is used (JWT, TLS, API signing).
hmaccryptographyauthentication